科學Clear skies allow maximum terrestrial radiation cooling. Still air prevents mixing, so a shallow cold layer forms near the surface when temperature falls to dew point.
白話地面像散熱片一樣把熱輻射出去,讓貼地空氣迅速變冷,水氣來不及離開就凝結成霧。
radiation fogterrestrial radiationnocturnal coolingdew point
科學Horizontal advection of warm moist air over a cold surface cools the air from below; unlike radiation fog, it is not driven by radiative cooling and can persist with moderate winds.
科學Orographic lifting causes adiabatic cooling at the dry adiabatic lapse rate (~3°C/1,000 ft, approximately 9.8°C/km) until the lifted condensation level is reached, forming fog or cloud at the hillside.
科學Rime ice forms by rapid freezing of small supercooled droplets before they can spread, typically at temperatures between 0°C and -20°C; clear ice forms when large supercooled droplets (near 0°C to -10°C) flow over the surface before freezing, producing a dense, smooth, hard layer. Below -20°C, supercooled liquid water is rare and icing risk diminishes significantly.
科學Supercooled water droplets exist in a metastable liquid state below 0°C. Mechanical disturbance from an aircraft triggers instantaneous freezing on contact with the airframe.
科學Radiative cooling rate depends on sky cover and wind speed; clear skies maximise terrestrial radiation loss, while calm winds prevent turbulent mixing that would dilute the cooling effect.
白話夜晚地面像一塊散熱板,晴空讓它散熱更快,微風不攪拌空氣,靠近地面的薄層就會快速降溫達到露點。
radiation fogdew point spreadterrestrial radiationTAFMETARalternate airport
科學Atmospheric stability is determined by the environmental lapse rate vs. the adiabatic lapse rate; an unstable atmosphere has a superadiabatic lapse rate encouraging convective overturning.
盛行能見度是觀測站周圍至少一半方向(不必連續)能見的最大水平距離,以 statute miles 或公尺表示,反映機場整體能見狀況。RVR 是在特定跑道方向,飛行員從跑道中線能看到跑道燈或標誌的距離,以 feet(美國)或公尺表示,由透射儀(transmissometer)量測。RVR 更重要的情況:盛行能見度低於 1 SM 時(尤其是霧或降雪),盛行能見度可能虛報跑道方向的真實能見情況;ILS 精密進場(CAT I/II/III)的最低標準即以 RVR 訂定(如 CAT I 要求 RVR ≥ 1,800 ft);側風或局部霧帶可能造成盛行能見度與跑道能見度差異極大。
盛行能見度 = 機場整體;RVR = 特定跑道局部
精密進場最低標準以 RVR 而非盛行能見度為準
METAR 中 RVR 以 Rxx/xxxx FT 格式報告
霧與降雪時 RVR 可能遠低於盛行能見度
科學RVR is measured by forward-scatter or transmissometer instruments positioned along the runway, providing extinction coefficient data converted to visual range at the pilot's eye height.